IRS tax-return data · 2022–2023

South Dakota Migration: Who Moved In, Who Moved Out

Where people who left South Dakota went, where its new arrivals came from, and the income that moved with them. Counted from the addresses on tax returns.

Source data last read October 10, 2026. The IRS publishes one edition a year.

Moved in

26,881

People, from other states, 2022–2023

Moved out

24,469

People, to other states, 2022–2023

Net

+2,412

People: moved in minus moved out

Net income

$256 million

Arrivals’ income minus leavers’, earned in 2022

Between the 2022 and 2023 filing seasons, 26,881 people appear on tax returns that moved into South Dakota from another state, and 24,469 on returns that moved out. On balance South Dakota gained 2,412 people to the rest of the country. The households that arrived reported $1.18 billion in income and the ones that left reported $923 million.

Its largest net gain came from California (+1,207), and its largest net loss was to Arizona (−433).

What this counts, and what it does not

These are tax returns, not a head count. The IRS compares the address on a return filed in 2022 with the address on the same taxpayer’s return filed in 2023. “People” is the number of individuals listed on those returns.

Anyone who did not file in both years is missing: many students, retirees and low earners with no filing requirement, and anyone whose two returns could not be matched. The real number of people who moved is higher.

The address is a mailing address, which is not always where someone lives, and a move is dated by when the return was filed, not when the truck was loaded.

Income is the adjusted gross income on the second return (earned in 2022), attributed to the state the household moved to. It measures the income of the people who moved, not money a state “lost” or “gained”: much of it is wages from a job that may itself have changed.

Moves to and from other countries, military post offices and the US territories are not included in the totals here, and the IRS withholds any state-to-state flow of fewer than ten returns.

Where people who left South Dakota went

1Minnesota3,023
2Texas1,653
3Iowa1,616
4Nebraska1,516
5Arizona1,466
6Florida1,282
7North Dakota1,115
8Colorado1,089
9California912
10Washington646

Top 10 destinations for people leaving South Dakota, 2022–2023. Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division.

Where new arrivals came from

1Minnesota3,450
2California2,119
3Iowa1,994
4Colorado1,647
5Nebraska1,557
6Texas1,452
7North Dakota1,131
8Arizona1,033
9Florida1,000
10Washington800

Top 10 origins of people moving to South Dakota, 2022–2023. Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division.

South Dakota and every other state

People moving in each direction, and the difference. A positive net means South Dakota gained from that state.

State	Moved in from	Moved out to	Net
Alabama	140	203	−63
Alaska	169	150	+19
Arizona	1,033	1,466	−433
Arkansas	164	331	−167
California	2,119	912	+1,207
Colorado	1,647	1,089	+558
Connecticut	84	76	+8
Delaware	22	29	−7
District of Columbia	41	38	+3
Florida	1,000	1,282	−282
Georgia	303	355	−52
Hawaii	133	76	+57
Idaho	279	269	+10
Illinois	537	395	+142
Indiana	294	299	−5
Iowa	1,994	1,616	+378
Kansas	428	421	+7
Kentucky	149	241	−92
Louisiana	165	165	0
Maine	72	49	+23
Maryland	196	97	+99
Massachusetts	119	107	+12
Michigan	338	366	−28
Minnesota	3,450	3,023	+427
Mississippi	111	99	+12
Missouri	539	509	+30
Montana	514	379	+135
Nebraska	1,557	1,516	+41
Nevada	418	349	+69
New Hampshire	62	49	+13
New Jersey	191	101	+90
New Mexico	248	246	+2
New York	375	248	+127
North Carolina	420	475	−55
North Dakota	1,131	1,115	+16
Ohio	342	373	−31
Oklahoma	274	354	−80
Oregon	483	334	+149
Pennsylvania	320	256	+64
Rhode Island	34	withheld	—
South Carolina	220	280	−60
Tennessee	306	469	−163
Texas	1,452	1,653	−201
Utah	326	283	+43
Vermont	23	27	−4
Virginia	523	341	+182
Washington	800	646	+154
West Virginia	53	80	−27
Wisconsin	487	609	−122
Wyoming	796	623	+173

Migration between South Dakota and each other state, people on matched tax returns, 2022–2023.

“Withheld” means the IRS did not publish that flow because it involved fewer than ten returns. It is not zero, and it is small. For South Dakota this applies to Rhode Island.

Sources and methods

Every figure on this page comes from one of the datasets below and nowhere else. Nothing is estimated, interpolated or carried over from a previous edition. Where two sources measure something similar, they are reported separately rather than combined, because they are not measuring the same thing.

SOI Tax Stats: Migration Data 2022–2023, state-to-state outflow
Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division
Covers
Returns filed in 2022 and 2023, 50 states and DC
Last read
October 10, 2026
The IRS matches each individual income tax return filed in 2022 to the same taxpayer’s return filed in 2023 and compares the addresses. People and income are taken from the second return, so the income is what those households earned in 2022. Amounts are published in thousands of dollars.
Exact file we read Publisher’s page
SOI Tax Stats: Migration Data 2022–2023, state-to-state inflow
Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division
Covers
Returns filed in 2022 and 2023, 50 states and DC
Last read
October 10, 2026
The same flows listed by destination instead of origin. We read both files and publish a flow only when the two agree on it, which they do for every pair. The publisher’s page linked here is the IRS users guide, which defines every term used on this page.
Exact file we read Publisher’s page

Found something wrong? Our corrections log records every fix we have made, and we would rather hear about an error than have it stand.

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