IRS tax-return data · 2022–2023

State-to-State Migration: Where Americans Moved

Which states gained residents from other states, which lost them, and how much income moved with them. Counted from the addresses on tax returns, state by state.

Source data last read October 10, 2026. The IRS publishes one edition a year.

Changed state

6,590,871

People on returns that moved between states, 2022–2023

Income that moved

$335.2 billion

Their adjusted gross income, earned in 2022

Largest net gain

+112,481

Texas, people

Largest net loss

−200,547

California, people

Between the 2022 and 2023 filing seasons, 6,590,871 people appear on tax returns whose address moved from one state to another. Texas took in 112,481 more than it lost; California lost 200,547 more than it took in. Pick a state below for where its arrivals came from and where its leavers went.

What this counts, and what it does not

These are tax returns, not a head count. The IRS compares the address on a return filed in 2022 with the address on the same taxpayer’s return filed in 2023. “People” is the number of individuals listed on those returns.

Anyone who did not file in both years is missing: many students, retirees and low earners with no filing requirement, and anyone whose two returns could not be matched. The real number of people who moved is higher.

The address is a mailing address, which is not always where someone lives, and a move is dated by when the return was filed, not when the truck was loaded.

Income is the adjusted gross income on the second return (earned in 2022), attributed to the state the household moved to. It measures the income of the people who moved, not money a state “lost” or “gained”: much of it is wages from a job that may itself have changed.

Moves to and from other countries, military post offices and the US territories are not included in the totals here, and the IRS withholds any state-to-state flow of fewer than ten returns.

Net migration by state

People who moved in from other states minus people who moved out to them. A positive number is a net gain. Each state links to its own page.

1Texas+112,481
2Florida+111,742
3North Carolina+69,108
4South Carolina+59,102
5Tennessee+42,899
6Georgia+35,536
7Arizona+27,127
8Alabama+16,337
9Idaho+12,739
10Oklahoma+12,589
11Nevada+11,558
12Arkansas+11,211
13Missouri+8,839
14Delaware+7,803
15Colorado+7,288
16Maine+6,497
17Kentucky+5,861
18Montana+5,332
19Indiana+4,837
20New Hampshire+4,195
21West Virginia+3,137
22Wisconsin+2,753
23South Dakota+2,412
24Utah+1,197
25Wyoming+375
26Vermont+84
27Washington−29
28Virginia−42
29North Dakota−757
30Rhode Island−1,068
31Iowa−1,467
32Nebraska−1,902
33New Mexico−1,924
34District of Columbia−2,568
35Mississippi−3,142
36Kansas−4,048
37Alaska−4,149
38Connecticut−4,767
39Oregon−4,774
40Ohio−6,312
41Hawaii−6,825
42Minnesota−7,561
43Michigan−8,442
44Pennsylvania−14,880
45Louisiana−17,333
46Maryland−20,112
47Massachusetts−28,367
48New Jersey−29,871
49Illinois−54,182
50New York−157,970
51California−200,547

Net domestic migration, people on matched tax returns, 2022–2023. Green is a net gain and red a net loss; bar length shows the size of the net flow in either direction. Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division.

The largest state-to-state flows

The fifteen biggest one-way movements in the country, by people.

From	To	People	Returns	Their income
California	Texas	82,481	44,417	$4.76 billion
New York	New Jersey	73,471	43,699	$5.11 billion
New York	Florida	71,476	43,187	$5.75 billion
Florida	Georgia	50,483	28,263	$1.84 billion
California	Arizona	47,885	28,402	$2.49 billion
California	Nevada	43,801	26,210	$2.69 billion
Florida	Texas	41,655	24,196	$1.69 billion
Texas	California	41,232	24,970	$2.38 billion
Georgia	Florida	40,689	23,475	$2.14 billion
New Jersey	New York	38,722	26,793	$2.97 billion
California	Washington	38,093	24,625	$2.75 billion
New York	Pennsylvania	35,081	20,643	$1.46 billion
Texas	Florida	35,016	20,050	$1.84 billion
Florida	North Carolina	34,859	20,553	$1.59 billion
New Jersey	Florida	34,761	20,113	$2.96 billion

Largest one-way state-to-state flows, 2022–2023. Income is adjusted gross income on the 2023 return.

Every state

State	Moved in	Moved out	Net people	Net income
Alabama	102,902	86,565	+16,337	$540 million
Alaska	25,599	29,748	−4,149	−$210 million
Arizona	202,429	175,302	+27,127	$2.76 billion
Arkansas	68,449	57,238	+11,211	$447 million
California	389,700	590,247	−200,547	−$11.9 billion
Colorado	187,420	180,132	+7,288	$715 million
Connecticut	76,966	81,733	−4,767	−$460 million
Delaware	35,759	27,956	+7,803	$564 million
District of Columbia	41,301	43,869	−2,568	−$827 million
Florida	605,238	493,496	+111,742	$20.6 billion
Georgia	265,330	229,794	+35,536	$746 million
Hawaii	45,031	51,856	−6,825	−$3.4 million
Idaho	66,095	53,356	+12,739	$988 million
Illinois	179,622	233,804	−54,182	−$5.99 billion
Indiana	121,307	116,470	+4,837	−$326 million
Iowa	57,011	58,478	−1,467	−$266 million
Kansas	70,469	74,517	−4,048	−$361 million
Kentucky	86,522	80,661	+5,861	−$112 million
Louisiana	65,960	83,293	−17,333	−$799 million
Maine	31,675	25,178	+6,497	$502 million
Maryland	135,223	155,335	−20,112	−$1.82 billion
Massachusetts	116,816	145,183	−28,367	−$4.02 billion
Michigan	119,409	127,851	−8,442	−$956 million
Minnesota	84,839	92,400	−7,561	−$1.47 billion
Mississippi	56,470	59,612	−3,142	−$66 million
Missouri	124,978	116,139	+8,839	−$215 million
Montana	35,226	29,894	+5,332	$500 million
Nebraska	38,081	39,983	−1,902	−$244 million
Nevada	111,121	99,563	+11,558	$1.51 billion
New Hampshire	40,918	36,723	+4,195	$756 million
New Jersey	173,739	203,610	−29,871	−$2.56 billion
New Mexico	51,817	53,741	−1,924	−$93 million
New York	268,427	426,397	−157,970	−$9.89 billion
North Carolina	295,243	226,135	+69,108	$3.91 billion
North Dakota	23,095	23,852	−757	−$144 million
Ohio	155,049	161,361	−6,312	−$1.63 billion
Oklahoma	85,394	72,805	+12,589	$261 million
Oregon	98,688	103,462	−4,774	−$476 million
Pennsylvania	199,298	214,178	−14,880	−$2.18 billion
Rhode Island	27,055	28,123	−1,068	$38 million
South Carolina	178,163	119,061	+59,102	$4.13 billion
South Dakota	26,881	24,469	+2,412	$256 million
Tennessee	198,430	155,531	+42,899	$2.75 billion
Texas	553,369	440,888	+112,481	$5.54 billion
Utah	80,211	79,014	+1,197	$477 million
Vermont	16,939	16,855	+84	$93 million
Virginia	230,220	230,262	−42	−$912 million
Washington	192,628	192,657	−29	−$265 million
West Virginia	36,521	33,384	+3,137	$11 million
Wisconsin	89,800	87,047	+2,753	−$76 million
Wyoming	22,038	21,663	+375	$149 million

Domestic migration by state, 2022–2023. Moves to and from other countries are not included.

Browse by state

Sources and methods

Every figure on this page comes from one of the datasets below and nowhere else. Nothing is estimated, interpolated or carried over from a previous edition. Where two sources measure something similar, they are reported separately rather than combined, because they are not measuring the same thing.

SOI Tax Stats: Migration Data 2022–2023, state-to-state outflow
Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division
Covers
Returns filed in 2022 and 2023, 50 states and DC
Last read
October 10, 2026
The IRS matches each individual income tax return filed in 2022 to the same taxpayer’s return filed in 2023 and compares the addresses. People and income are taken from the second return, so the income is what those households earned in 2022. Amounts are published in thousands of dollars.
Exact file we read Publisher’s page
SOI Tax Stats: Migration Data 2022–2023, state-to-state inflow
Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Division
Covers
Returns filed in 2022 and 2023, 50 states and DC
Last read
October 10, 2026
The same flows listed by destination instead of origin. We read both files and publish a flow only when the two agree on it, which they do for every pair. The publisher’s page linked here is the IRS users guide, which defines every term used on this page.
Exact file we read Publisher’s page

Found something wrong? Our corrections log records every fix we have made, and we would rather hear about an error than have it stand.